Freshman grades relate to academic outcomes, yet limited research explores which students face the highest risk of course failure. With logit analysis using a five-year Arkansas dataset (n = 164,688), we find that economically disadvantaged ninth-grade students are more likely to fail a course than their more privileged peers. This disparity persists over time despite claims of a shift toward SBG. The study highlights the pressing need for grading equity.
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Morris et al. (2024) studied this question.
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