Accelerating P300-based neurofeedback training for attention enhancement using iterative learning control: a randomised controlled trial

. Neurofeedback (NFB) training through brain-computer interfacing has demonstrated efficacy in treating neurological deficits and diseases, and enhancing cognitive abilities in healthy individuals. It was previously shown that event-related potential (ERP)-based NFB training using a P300 speller can improve attention in healthy adults by incrementally increasing the difficulty of the spelling task. This study aims to assess the impact of task difficulty adaptation on ERP-based attention training in healthy adults. To achieve this, we introduce a novel adaptation employing iterative learning control (ILC) and compare it against an existing method and a control group with random task difficulty variation.