Phytophthora capsici the Causal Agent of Phytophthora Blight of Capsicum spp.: From Its Taxonomy to Disease Management

Capsicum, a genus native to tropical and subtropical America, holds immense nutritional, economic and cultural significance due to its diverse species. However, these valuable crops face a constant threat from various diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and especially the notorious Phytophthora capsici. P. capsici, first identified as a pepper pathogen in New Mexico by L.H. Leonian in 1922, is a devastating Oomycete wreaking havoc on vegetable, ornamental and tropical crops worldwide. This pathogen thrives in both temperate and tropical environments and possesses an arsenal of abilities that make it a formidable adversary. P. capsici's high genetic diversity allows it to readily overcome fungicides and host resistance, while the formation of long-lasting oospores ensures its persistence in soil. Its ability to rapidly differentiate into infectious zoospores in the presence of water fuels epidemics and its broad host range amplifies economic losses and renders crop rotation less effective. The severity of P. capsici-induced diseases and the complex management challenges have spurred extensive research efforts. Here, we delve into recent discoveries regarding the biology, genetic diversity, disease management strategies and effector biology of this formidable Oomycete.