The rise in inverter-based renewables (IBRs), flexible ac transmission systems (FACTSs), and high-voltage direct current (HVdc) systems, coupled with the retirement of synchronous generating plants, is substantially decreasing inertia in large-scale power systems. Fast controllers of IBRs should stabilize these systems, but they are highly sensitive to fast transients, harmonics, and system imbalances.
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Li et al. (2024) studied this question.
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