The globalization of IC design is forcing IC and IP core designers and users to reconsider the security and trust of hardware as the semiconductor industry is losing multiple billions of dollars annually due to IP infringement. An attacker can reverse engineer the functionality of an IC/IP, steal and claim ownership of the IP, inject malicious circuitry into the IC, introduce counterfeits into the supply chain, or overbuild ICs/IPs and sell them illegally.
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Gang Qu (2024) studied this question.
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