Probing Hydrodynamic Fluctuation-Induced Forces with an Oscillating Robot

We study the dynamics of an oscillating, free-floating robot that generates radially expanding gravity-capillary waves at a fluid surface. In open water, the device does not self-propel; near a rigid boundary, it can be attracted or repelled. Visualization of the wave field dynamics reveals that when near a boundary, a complex interference of generated and reflected waves induces a wave amplitude fluctuation asymmetry. Attraction increases as wave frequency increases or robot-boundary separation decreases. Theory on confined gravity-capillary wave radiation dynamics developed by Hocking in the 1980s captures the observed parameter dependence due to these "Hocking fields." The flexibility of the robophysical system allows detailed characterization and analysis of locally generated nonequilibrium fluctuation-induced forces [M. Kardar and R. Golestanian, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1233 (1999)].Received 8 May 2023Revised 14 August 2023Accepted 16 January 2024DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.084001© 2024 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)