Research on the optimization of intermodal empty container reposition

To reduce the costs associated with empty container repositioning and to lower the operational expenses of shipping companies, this research developed a model that accommodates multiple container types and factors in the costs associated with either premature or delayed arrivals of empty containers at yards and ports, encompassing storage fees and opportunity loss. Furthermore, it delved into the practical issue of container type substitution, establishing a model for sea-land transportation under multiple container type substitutions. The total costs realized under container substitution proved to be lower than those without such a strategy, underscoring the efficacy of employing