The literature differentiates between two domains of machismo: traditional machismo and caballerismo. Research has largely focused on measuring machismo among English speakers. We evaluated whether Estrada's (2011) 2-factor model of machismo was invariant across languages (English versus a direct Spanish translation). A series of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were conducted between respondents who completed the survey in English (
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Robles et al. (2024) studied this question.
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