S- Band GPR using Vivaldi for Object Detection

This paper presents the design and implementation of a Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) system employing Vivaldi and horn antennas for subsurface imaging. The GPR system incorporates four Vivaldi antennas, each measuring 50x50x1.6 mm 3 , crafted from copper on FR-4 sheets, operating at a central frequency of 3.9GHz with a gain of 5.3dB. These antennas are utilized for reception, driven by a 4:1 power divider centered at 4.002GHz. Concurrently, a horn antenna operating within the 2-4GHz frequency range is employed for transmitting waves towards the target object. The use of copper as the grounding material and FR-4 sheets in antenna fabrication enhances the performance and durability of the system. The system's architecture and antenna configurations aim to enhance signal transmission and reception, facilitating improved imaging and analysis of subsurface structures. Experimental results and performance evaluations validate the efficacy of the proposed GPR system in various imaging scenarios, highlighting its potential for diverse applications in subsurface sensing and characterization.