Combining Q methodology and interviews using mixed methods integration: an exemplar study exploring over-the-counter codeine misuse in Australia

Q methodological studies often incorporate post-Q sort interviews to facilitate and enrich the interpretation of identified factors. This article describes a novel approach in which Q methodology and interviews comprise separate strands which are analyzed separately then converged for further analysis. The new approach is exemplified in a study exploring over-the-counter codeine misuse in Australia. The Q methodology and interview results are summarized, integrated and then discussed, including methodological challenges. This article contributes to scholarly literature by introducing and illustrating the applicability of using mixed methods integration to combine Q methodology and interviews; providing new insights into over-the-counter codeine misuse; and proposing ‘unique contribution’ as an alternative descriptor to the integration fit of ‘silence’.