Analysis of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in soil layers of Indonesia: Spatial distribution, potential source, and groundwater effect

This study analyzes Cd and Pb concentrations in 102 samples across 7 sub-districts in Bandung Regency. Employing SPSS and ArcGIS's IDW method, results indicate Cd and Pb exceeding standards. Pb variation is Majalaya > Ciparay > Soreang > Pangalengan > Rancaekek > Baleendah > Pacet; Cd's order is Pangalengan > Ciparay > Majalaya > Rancaekek > Soreang > Baleendah > Pacet. Pb and Cd variation in industrial textile areas (>80) from highest to lowest is upper > middle > lower, and non-industrial areas (<30) is middle > lower > upper. Contamination analysis shows extreme risk (Cd) and low risk (Pb).