The Impact of Marketing Channels on Farmers' Income: An Empirical Study of Kabul, Parwan and Kapisa Grape Farmers

Among the 150 grape growers in the three provinces of Kabul, Parwan and Kapisa in Afghanistan, the possibility of contract signing between farmers in Kabul and traders is lower, and that between farmers in Parwan and Kapisa and farmers' organizations is higher. 26.67% of farmers signed contracts with farmers' organizations, 45.33% of farmers signed contracts with traders, and 28.00% of farmers directly carried out market transactions without signing sales contracts. The average age of grape farmers is 30.9 years old, and the average planting period is 10.4 years. The results show that farm distance and Internet use have a significant negative impact on the non-adoption of contract sales, while Internet use and farm distance have a significant positive impact on the adoption of sales contracts with traders; farmers' planting years have a positive impact on the signing of sales contracts with traders; the increase of sales price reduces the feasibility of signing contracts with traders Compared with the farmers who get loans from friends, family members and banks, the farmers who get loans from farmers' organizations are less likely to sign contracts with farmers' organizations.Compared with the contracts signed by farmers' organizations, the signing of marketing contracts with traders has a positive impact on Farmers' welfare. The selective amendments of all marketing contracts are significant, indicating that there is a selective bias in the unobserved factors.