In Vivo Experimental Models of Cerebral Ischemia: Analysis, Translational Potential and Clinical Relevance

Despite all current efforts in the field of cerebrovascular disease prevention, stroke remains the leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Animal models are essential tools in stroke research to mitigate its devastating effects. The novelty of this review is the comprehensiveness of the approach and the detailed analysis of progress in the field, translational potential and clinical relevance. Recent research aimed to refine and enhance animal models to better mimic clinical scenario and improve reproducibility. This review provides extensive overview of its classification, underlining their key features, advantages, limitations, and advancements. Additionally, characterization and validation of ischemia models are discussed. Therapeutic strategies such as hypothermia, pharmacological interventions, genetic and molecular approaches, and cell-based therapies are highlighted. This review analyse the challenges and future directions, as well as translational potential and clinical relevance of ischemia models. Incorporating patient-derived cells and genetic modifications in animal models can provide a more personalized and clinically relevant approach. Bridging the gap is challenging and requires careful consideration of multiple factors, including appropriate dose translation, understanding species differences, and aligning protocols. Future studies should focus on optimizing the translational process and conducting well-designed clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of promising interventions.