We compute Iwasawa λ invariant in terms of Massey products in Galois cohomology with restricted ramification. When applied to imaginary quadratic fields and cyclotomic fields, we obtain a new proof and generalization of results of Gold and McCallum-Sharifi. The main tool is the generalized Bockstein map introduced by Lam-Liu-Sharifi-Wake-Wang.
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Peikai Qi (2024) studied this question.
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