An Adaptive Multi-Objective Message Dissemination Scheme for Iov Using Code Mules and Swarm Optimization in Smart Cities

Effective and trusted dissemination of messages is a prerequisite to facilitate intelligent transportation systems within smart city scenarios. A hybrid solution that incorporates opportunistic code dissemination via vehicles as code mules (VCMs) with a metaheuristic routing scheme based on the COOT algorithm is suggested in this paper for the support of delay-tolerant and real-time safety messages within heterogeneous Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks. A context-aware decision engine makes dynamic choices about the correct dissemination strategy from message priority, vehicle density, and network states. Simulation experiments with realistic urban mobility traces demonstrate that the system proposed in this paper yields a message delivery ratio of 89-95%, diminishes end-to-end delay by under 90 milliseconds, and enhances delay-tolerant message coverage by over 88%, while efficiently mitigating broadcast storms by 34%. The system also holds a low mean square error, making real-time messages delivered in time and accurately. These results validate the scalability, flexibility, and efficiency of the proposed method for next-generation smart city IoV applications.