Barriers and enablers of cloud computing adoption in Syria: a literature review grounded in the TOE framework

There should be two blank (10-point) lines before and after the abstract. The adoption of cloud computing in Syria is shaped by a complex set of socio-technical factors, exacerbated by the nation’s prolonged conflict and fragile economic landscape. Utilizing the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework, this study systematically investigates the key drivers and impediments influ-encing cloud computing uptake among Syrian enterprises. This study employs a qualitative systematic review based on the TOE framework to identify and classify adoption factors. Through an integrative review of aca-demic literature, regional case studies, and sector-specific data, the analysis identifies several enabling factors, including cost efficiency, scalability, and operational flexibility. However, the diffusion of cloud technologies remains constrained by infrastructural deficiencies, heightened security and privacy concerns, regulatory uncer-tainty, and limited organizational readiness. The findings underscore that successful adoption in such contexts requires a strategic alignment between technological capability, organizational capacity, and a supportive policy environment. Implications are presented for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and future research initiatives focused on advancing digital transformation in post-conflict economies.