This research reveals unexpected modular automorphisms in quotient modular curves, highlighting implications for number theory.
We obtain the modular automorphism group of any quotient modular curve of level N, with 4,9 N. In particular, we obtain some non-expected automorphisms of order 3 that appear for the quotient modular curves when the Atkin-Lehner involution w₂₅ belongs to the quotient modular group, such automorphisms are not necessarily defined over Q. As a consequence of the results, we obtain the full automorphism group of the quotient modular curve X₀^*(N²), for sufficiently large N.
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Bars et al. (2025) studied this question.
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