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This is a Quantitative Study study.

October 10, 2025Open Access

Intra-industry trade intensity between Poland and key economic partners: evidence from 2000–2022

ECElżbieta CzarnySGH Warsaw School of Economics PFPaweł FolfasSGH Warsaw School of Economics ASAleksandra Szarek-PiaskowskaSGH Warsaw School of Economics

Key Points

Intra-industry trade intensity has notably increased with key partners, especially Germany and the US.
Grubel–Lloyd index values over 0.3 indicate high levels of trade integration between Poland and seven countries.
Data analysis utilized 6-digit product groups from the UN COMTRADE database for trade evaluation.
Findings imply that Poland's trade structure is increasingly diverse and interconnected with several European and US partners.

Abstract

The aim of this article is to examine how the intensity of bilateral intra-industry trade between Poland and its selected economic partners changed in 2000–2022. To analyse the changes in the intensity of intra-industry trade, we used Grubel–Lloyd indices, calculated on the basis of data including 6-digit product groups as classified in the HS nomenclature (UN COMTRADE database). The research results demonstrate that the most intensive intra-industry trade exists between Poland and Germany, Czechia, France, Hungary, Spain, Italy and the United States. For these seven trading partners, GL index values mostly exceeded 0.3 during the research period.

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