Self-organization of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity

Phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity drive tumor growth, metastasis, therapy resistance, and relapse. This heterogeneity is mainly interpreted as a response to external signals from the microenvironment. However, here we show that cancer cells also follow intrinsic self-organized programs that are sufficient to coordinate the spatiotemporal patterning of tumor cell states. By combining quantitative measurements in tumors and organoids with theoretical modeling, we reveal emergent mechanical gradients that orchestrate cell state transitions during colorectal tumor growth. Compression at the tumor center induces a transition from a fetal-like state into a cancer stem cell (CSC) state. The CSC compartment exhibits a characteristic size determined by tumor rheological properties. Once this size is surpassed, a translationally arrested apoptotic core emerges, triggering a shift from homogeneous proliferation to a hierarchical cell turnover. These findings uncover stereotyped programs of self-organization that likely cooperate with the microenvironment to shape tumor heterogeneity and plasticity.