Abstract Safe drinking water is a pressing global problem, particularly in regions where industrial waste, waterborne pathogens, toxic metals, dyes are prevalent. Many traditional water treatment methods are unable to remove these contaminants effectively due to high energy and chemical demands. This has led to the development of new set of technologies called Advanced Oxidation Processes. One of these technologies is heterogeneous photocatalysis, which transforms light energy into chemical energy. Due to the advancement in nanotechnology, the specific properties of photocatalytic nanomaterials and composites can be customized for this application. This review, addresses various photocatalytic nanomaterials, both metal-based and metal-free, for purifying wastewater. Also, this article discussed photo-assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), explored different light sources used in photoreactors, and detailed the mechanisms of these materials. It also highlighted recent progress in this field and analysed how factors like catalyst dosage, time, temperature, and pH affect performance. The review further evaluated the economic viability of AOPs for improving photocatalytic efficiency and outlined challenges in wastewater treatment. Finally, the article discussed applying photocatalysis to real wastewater and future obstacles. Even though many opportunities are still far from implementation, progress begins with awareness and persistent optimization to make these solutions viable.
Ganeshkumar et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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