Developing a Framework to Simulate Quantitative Ultrasound Flow and Tissue Motion for Ultrafast Doppler Ultrasound

Ultrafast power Doppler imaging (uPDI) has achieved substantial progress and emerged as a key modality for both research and clinical applications. However, existing simulation tools are insufficient for generating three-dimensional (3D), quantitatively accurate flow fields with tissue motion that closely approximate in vivo conditions. In this study, we present an open-source framework, termed 3D-Fully Quantitative Flow (3D-FQFlow), designed to provide quantitative modeling of 3D vascular hemodynamics with physiologically realistic tissue motion for uPDI.The framework integrates a L-system-based vascular generator with hemodynamics modeling, a tissue motion simulator supporting user-defined or clinical-data-driven condition, an optimized ultrasound simulator, a GPU-accelerated image reconstruction module, and a quantitative analyzer (MSE/PSNR/SSIM). We demonstrate the workflow and performance of 3D-FQFlow using both synthetic vascular structures and clinical datasets. This framework provides ground-truth simulation models to support the development, validation, and benchmarking of uPDI techniques. The complete source code is freely available online at https://github.com/FortuneOU/3D-FQFlow.