Traditional and Recurrent Spheno-Orbital Meningioma (SOM) Comparison and Treatment Methods

Spheno-orbital meningiomas (SOM) are rare brain tumors that pose significant challenges to treatments due to their anatomical complexity and high recurrence rates. This literature review considers journals published between 2000 and 2024. Analysis will be drawn based on current surgical and nonsurgical interventions of primary and recurrent SOMs and emerging treatments. Besides that, the review will draw an in-depth description of genetic mutations, such as NF2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation; surgical techniques such as MTA, EEA, and ETOA; and factors contributing to increased recurrent risks. Although treatment options for SOM continue to advance, complete resection is still difficult to achieve, especially in patients with recurrent SOMs. Understanding the tumor biology, pathogenesis, and limitations in current treatments allows for more accurate and effective treatments.