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Nectar robbery in Campsidium valdivianum: observations on floral morphology and the role of bumblebees and birds in southern Chile

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Observational study examines nectar robbery by bumblebees and birds in Campsidium valdivianum, suggesting floral morphology influences behaviors.

Nectar robbery led to 6.7% of flowers showing small perforations and 14.8% with large perforations, likely linked to pollinator activity.
Bumblebees and native birds impacted floral morphology, yet flower length was not significantly correlated with piercing incisions.
Study hypothesized that longer and narrower flowers experience higher nectar robbery, leading to different pollinator preferences.
Understanding nectar robbery enhances knowledge of ecological interactions in hummingbird-pollinated plants of South America.

Valdivia et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Observational study examines nectar robbery by bumblebees and birds in Campsidium valdivianum, suggesting floral morphology influences behaviors.