A Review on Introduction of The Palladium Nanoparticles

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have risen to prominence as remarkably adaptable nanomaterials owing to their distinctive physicochemical attributes. This review underscores the significance of PdNPs and provides a critical analysis of the primary synthesis methods, specifically physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Biological synthesis utilizing plant extracts presents a sustainable and economically viable alternative, yielding stable and functionalized PdNPs. The outcomes of these approaches demonstrate distinct impacts on particle morphology, stability, and catalytic efficacy, highlighting the correlation between synthesis route and functional characteristics. The review further explores the intrinsic properties of PdNPs, such as optical, plasmonic, magnetic, and catalytic which expand their applicability in sustainable technologies and therapeutic interventions such as catalyst, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hydrogen sensor and glucose sensor. Future directions emphasize the development of eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and scalable synthesis techniques, alongside a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships to optimize performance.