Harnessing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac-Related Pain: Advances, Models, and Therapeutic Prospects

Cardiac pain is difficult to diagnose and treat in part because existing models fail to capture human neuro-cardiac signaling. This review examines how iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and sensory neurons in co-culture and organoid systems model ischemic and neuro-immune mechanisms, and how such platforms enable regenerative and neuromodulatory translation. We identify key barriers (maturation, heterogeneity, scalability, safety) and propose priorities to bridge discovery and clinical application.