Breaking the dichotomy: Non-binary belonging as a tool for inclusive societies

Contemporary societies are increasingly polarised as individuals align with smaller identity-based groups, often resulting in echo chambers that fragment broader communities. This paper introduces a non-binary analytical framework to explore sense of belonging beyond identity constructs, emphasising situationality and shared experiences. Drawing on data from the D. Rad project (2020–2024), which investigated radicalisation and polarisation, we argue that fractured belonging—manifested as alienation, discrimination, and marginalisation—can foster radicalisation by intensifying self-other dichotomies. The non-binary approach transcends traditional identity-focused models, such as intersectionality, by prioritising shared contexts and fluid connections over dichotomised identities. Our study highlights arts and sports as effective interventions for promoting non-binary belonging. These activities create inclusive spaces where individuals from diverse backgrounds connect through shared interests, mitigating feelings of exclusion and fostering cohesion. By reframing belonging as a dynamic and situational process, we propose that non-binary belonging can counter polarisation and reduce the stigmatisation of marginalised groups. Ultimately, this framework offers a pathway to inclusive societies by addressing the root causes of radicalisation through shared experiences that bridge divides. Our findings contribute to the fields of belonging studies, deradicalisation, and social cohesion, emphasising the transformative potential of non-binary belonging.