Investigation of soil pollution with Heavy Metals in Mosul forests, Mosul City, Iraq

A total of eight heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu), were investigated and analyzed to assess their concentrations and potential environmental implications. Compared with the global average index, The results revealed that the concentrations of cadmium (Cd: up to 0.12 ppm), nickel (Ni: up to 231.93 ppm), zinc (Zn: up to 99.61 ppm), and copper (Cu: up to 55.98 ppm) exceeded global average thresholds, indicating significant contamination. Statistical analysis using independent samples t-tests showed significant seasonal and depth-based variations (p < 0.005) for most metals. The elevated concentrations are likely linked to the 2014–2017 conflict in Mosul, which contributed to heavy metal accumulation through destruction, fire, and munitions. These findings underscore the urgent need for remediation efforts to restore soil health and protect the ecological and recreational value of Mosul’s urban forests.