In his compendium Ten Stages of Mind Kūkai presents his most complete doxographic system, ranking teachings known to him with their corresponding “minds” as ten hierarchically organized categories, ascending from the lowest to the highest, adducing a description to each of these, mainly in the form of quotations. In the beginning of the first fascicle Kūkai characterizes the beings of the lowest mind, whose views and actions are completely “unwholesome”. Following this Kūkai turns his attention towards issues of cosmology, covering the main Buddhist theses on the origin and structure of the world-system with references to those canonical works which thoroughly cover such issues.
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M. E. Oskin (2025) studied this question.
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