Japanese Official Diplomatic Correspondence in the Muromachi Period: Traditional Perceptions and Reality

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Analysis of diplomatic correspondence between Japan and Ming China indicates clashing ideals, highlighting the complexities of vassalage.

Japan's lag in establishing official contacts with Ming China stems from differing perceptions of vassalage.
The tributary system required Japan to recognize Ming as a suzerain for trade, complicating diplomatic relations.
Zen monks were instrumental in drafting official correspondence during the Muromachi period.
The first collection of correspondence, Zenrin Kokuhōki, reveals conflicts between perception and political reality.

Evgeniya Sakharova (2025) studied this question.

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