Two-phase numerical simulations of motile microorganisms in a 3D non-Newtonian nanofluid flow induced by chemical processes

The growing demand for efficient thermal management in advanced engineering and biomedical applications underscores the importance of exploring nanofluid-based systems. This study aims to develop and analyze a three-dimensional mathematical model of electrically conducting Sutterby nanofluids, incorporating bio-convection phenomena with Hall effects, activation energy, and chemical reactions. The flow is considered steady, incompressible, and influenced by electromagnetic fields, with entropy generation used as a measure of system performance. The governing equations are reduced to a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations through similarity transformations and solved numerically using the Chebyshev collocation spectral method. The results demonstrate that increasing the Lewis number significantly reduces the mass concentration, while a higher Biot number enhances the distribution of microorganisms. The novel aspect of this work lies in integrating entropy optimization with multi-physical effects in Sutterby nanofluids, thereby providing deeper insights into thermal efficiency and irreversibility in bio-convective systems. These findings contribute to advancing energy-efficient designs and optimizing nanofluid-based thermal transport technologies for industrial and biomedical applications.