Forward Bending Posture and Workload as Predictors of Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Farming remains one of the most common occupations in Indonesia, particularly in Bali. Rice cultivation requires repetitive bending postures and heavy physical effort, both of which increase the risk of developing low back pain. This study investigated the associations between forward bending posture, workload, and low back pain among rice farmers in Bukian Village, Gianyar Regency. Methods: A cross-sectional observational analytic design was employed involving 94 rice farmers recruited through purposive sampling. Independent variables included work posture and workload, while age, gender, and years of service were considered control variables. Work posture was assessed using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), workload was measured using Cardiovascular Load Percentage (CVL%), and low back pain was evaluated using the Pain and Distress Scale questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlation test. Results: Workload showed a strong positive correlation with low back pain complaints (r=0.625, p<0.001). A stronger positive correlation was observed between forward bending posture and low back pain complaints (r=0.718, p<0.001). Age (p<0.001) and years of service (p<0.001) were significantly associated with low back pain, whereas gender was not (p=0.418). Conclusion: Forward bending posture and workload were significant predictors of low back pain among rice farmers. Years of service also contributed substantially to the occurrence of low back pain, highlighting the importance of ergonomic interventions and preventive measures in agricultural work.