ARCS-Informed Comparison of AR and 2D Video on Adolescent BSE Motivation: A Randomized Trial and Practical Recommendations

Abstract Breast Self-Examination (BSE) or SADARI is a very important method for early detection of breast cancer, especially for adolescent girls. However, adolescent motivation to perform BSE regularly is still low due to limited knowledge and the lack of interesting educational media. This study aims to compare the effect of Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning media and 2D videos on adolescent motivation to perform BSE using the ARCS motivation model as measured by the Teaching Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS). The method used was a non-randomized two-arm quasi-experimental design with a total of 149 female participants in grade 10 of high school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, who were divided into two intervention groups. Data analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test showed that the AR group had significantly higher motivation scores on the Attention, Confidence, and Satisfaction dimensions compared to the 2D video group (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found in the Relevance dimension (p = 0.059). These findings suggest that both media deliver relevant content, but AR is more effective in capturing attention, increasing self-confidence, and providing higher learning satisfaction for adolescents. This study recommends the use of AR as a more effective educational strategy to increase adolescent motivation and proactive behavior in performing BSE, with the hope of supporting early breast cancer detection. Further studies are needed to examine the long-term impact of using AR in health education.