Optimization and Experimental Investigation of a Single-Actuation Compliant Morphing Trailing Edge for Multiple Aerodynamic Configurations

This work presents a low-fidelity optimization method for a compliant morphing wing trailing-edge structure, developed to achieve multiple optimized aerodynamic shapes under combined aerodynamic and control loads using a single actuation pathway. Typically, multiple shape configurations are avoided due to conflicting structural requirements that increase optimization complexity. To address this, a parameterization method based on practical considerations of compliant trailing-edge structures is introduced. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed, with multi-objective criteria handled through a penalty-based approach. The algorithm is demonstrated by optimizing the trailing edge for one and two aerodynamic configurations with high accuracy, achieving typical shape deviations of 0.04% and 0.08% relative to the chord for two shapes, and as low as 0.023% for a single shape. Several compliant structures are generated, manufactured, and tested for shape accuracy, including in a wind tunnel to evaluate aerodynamic performance. Experimental investigations confirm the feasibility of achieving two aerodynamic shape configurations with a single structure and show that the proposed methodology can improve the lift-to-drag ratio of a wing section with a deflected compliant trailing edge by more than 12.4% compared to conventional flaps at the same deflection.