The legal framework for reducing energy poverty in the context of electricity market liberalisation in Latvia

Poverty is often seen as a lack of money or resources needed to meet basic human needs. However, the concept of poverty and the role of the state in ensuring social security have evolved, increasingly guided by legal standards. Key international and national instruments—such as Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Social Charter and the Constitution of Latvia guarantee social security rights, particularly in cases such as old age, disability or unemployment. Unlike traditional forms of poverty, energy poverty does not fit into the concept of existing social security categories. It arises from inadequate access to affordable and reliable energy services, and it must be addressed through energy sector regulation rather than solely through social policy. In Latvia, recent amendments to the Energy Law introduced a legal definition of energy poverty for the first time, aligning with European Union requirements. This marks an important step in recognising and addressing the issue at the legislative level. This study examines Latvia’s legal framework for tackling energy poverty, outlines current challenges and proposes improvements. It also emphasises the importance of protecting vulnerable groups and promoting social justice through sustainable energy policies and better-targeted support mechanisms.