Cytosine methylase and hydroxymethylase activity in mammalian mitochondria

Introduction Mitochondria are integral components of eukaryotic cells, functioning as energy powerhouses and key mediators of diverse metabolic and signaling cascades. As endosymbiotic remnants, these unique organelles retain and express their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged into DNA-protein complexes called nucleoids, and is also subject to epigenetic modification. We identified a mitochondrial isoform of DNA methyltransferase 1 (mtDNMT1) that binds to mtDNA in critical control regions; however, its enzymatic activity remained unexplored. Results Here, we show that endogenously-tagged mtDNMT1 purified from mitochondria exhibits time- and concentration-dependent CpG-specific DNA methyltransferase activity, but it is not working alone: DNMT3b cooperates with mtDNMT1 to methylate mtDNA and regulate mitochondrial transcription. In addition, we detect ten-eleven translocase (TET)-like hydroxymethylase activity in mitochondria, demonstrating that mechanisms for both writing and erasing 5-methylcytosine marks are functional in this organelle. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of mtDNMT1 and/or DNMT3b activity resulted in a stepwise decrease in mitochondrial methylation across the heavy and light strand promoters of mtDNA, with a significant reduction in transcription of several mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS genes. Interestingly, the effects of mtDNA methylation on mitochondrial transcription are diametrically opposed to the role of promoter methylation in the nucleus, suggesting a novel mode of gene regulation in mitochondria. Cells lacking mtDNMT1 and/or DNMT3b also exhibited a modest reduction in mtDNA content, suggesting that methylation impacts both mtDNA transcription and replication. Discussion These observations implicate mtDNA methylation in the fine-tuning of mitochondrial function and suggest a role for aberrant mitochondrial methylase activity in disease.