Perceived and Experienced Social and Psychological Implications of Not Undergoing Traditional Male Circumcision in West Timor, Indonesia: A Qualitative Study

Traditional male circumcision (TMC) in some cultures is to some degree considered obligatory for men, with men who do not undergo such practice often facing negative consequences. This qualitative study aimed to explore the social and psychological implications of not undergoing the practice of TMC in the Atoni Meto tribe in West Timor, Indonesia. A total of 46 participants were recruited and interviewed including men who had performed sifon, traditional practitioners,and community leaders. Data were thematically analysed guided by qualitative framework analysis. Three themes emerged from the analysis: (1) stigma and shame of being immature and not being a “real man”, (2) reduced peers, family, and community interactions, and (3) worry of less healthy and poor sexual performance. Findings highlight the need for policies and health intervention programs to address these negative impacts and to support men choosing not to undergo TMC and those opting for medical circumcision.