Time-Dependent Facilitation of Homologous Actions

Unimanual actions can interfere with or facilitate similar actions performed with the opposite hand, especially when in close temporal proximity. Across three sequential button-press experiments, we tested how effector homology – anatomical similarity between fingers – and temporal delays between actions shape these effects. Specifically, we examined whether a priming action altered the reaction time (RT) of a subsequent action. Compared with unimanual RTs, we indexed slowing of the RT from the second action as interference, and quickening as facilitation. Priming with homologous actions (e.g., index finger-index finger) produced interference at short intervals (≤ 200ms) but transitioned to facilitation at longer intervals (≥ 400ms). Priming with non-homologous actions (e.g., little finger-index finger) also produced interference at short intervals, but never resulted in facilitation. Critically, these patterns emerged whether the priming actions were performed with the opposite or the same hand, indicating that interference and facilitation do not depend on interhemispheric dynamics. Our results reveal a previously undocumented time-dependent shift from interference to facilitation that is specific to homologous actions, challenging models that explain the interference between parallel actions solely by competitive interhemispheric dynamics or central bottleneck processes. We propose that facilitation and interference flexibly coexist, and are shaped by effector homology and timing. These findings extend current models of bimanual coordination and highlight new opportunities for enhancing motor performance and neurorehabilitation.