Strategic Roadmaps for Sustainable 3D-Printed E-Commerce: Business Models for Personalized Retail

The rapid evolution of e-commerce has heightened consumer expectations for personalization and sustainability, creating the need for innovative business models that go beyond traditional mass-production and supply chain structures. This study investigates the integration of three-dimensional (3D) printing into e-commerce to develop strategic roadmaps for sustainable, personalized retail. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected from 400 participants, including e-commerce managers, 3D printing experts, and consumers, across India, the United States, and the European Union. Qualitative insights from expert interviews and focus groups identified key enablers and barriers, while quantitative survey data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM), regression analysis, and multi-group comparison. Results reveal that personalization demand is the strongest predictor of business performance, while technological capability and business model innovation significantly influence sustainability outcomes. Regional differences underscore the role of regulatory support and consumer trust, with European respondents reporting the highest readiness for sustainable 3D-printed retail. The study contributes to theory by linking personalization, sustainability, and technology within a business model innovation framework, while offering practical guidance for managers and policymakers in designing scalable, consumer-driven, and eco-conscious strategies. These findings highlight 3D printing not only as a disruptive technology but also as a sustainable pathway for future e-commerce models.