Enhancing Early Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus through Data Augmentation and Feature Guidance (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Early prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is critical for improving maternal health outcomes. However, predictive models are often challenged by limited early-pregnancy samples, severe class imbalance in datasets, and complex interrelationships among clinical features. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and evaluate a unified dual-dimensional enhancement framework that integrates data augmentation and feature engineering to improve early GDM prediction performance by addressing data imbalance and leveraging medical prior knowledge. METHODS We proposed a framework combining Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based data augmentation with Large Language Model (LLM)-inspired feature engineering. GAN sampling was used to generate clinically plausible synthetic minority class samples to mitigate data imbalance. The LLM was guided to organize features into domains (e.g., basic demographics, metabolic syndrome, core liver biomarkers) and generate higher-order composite features, integrating medical prior knowledge. Machine learning models were subsequently developed, and interpretability analyses were performed using SHAP to identify key predictors. RESULTS The Random Forest model enhanced by TVAE-based feature augmentation demonstrated the best performance. On the test dataset, it achieved a recall of 0.7559, an accuracy of 0.8444, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.8873. SHAP analysis identified the following five features as the most influential predictors: fasting blood glucose, the composite feature (fasting blood glucose + triglycerides) × pre-pregnancy BMI, activated partial thromboplastin time, leukocyte count, and neutrophil count. CONCLUSIONS The proposed dual-dimensional enhancement framework effectively alleviates data limitations and captures complex feature interactions in early GDM prediction. This strategy not only improves model performance, particularly in recall, but also provides interpretable biological evidence to support rapid clinical screening, stratified management, and early intervention in pregnancy.