This study investigates the relationship between emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, exports, and imports in Turkey (Türkiye) between 1970 and 2023. The vector error correction model (VECM) and the Granger causality tests are employed to observe the interactions between these variables. The findings imply that emissions and energy consumption, emissions and exports, energy consumption and exports, and economic growth and exports have bidirectional causal relationships. Furthermore, unidirectional causal relationships from imports to exports and from economic growth to imports are also observed. Energy consumption positively affects emissions in the short and long-run. Regarding the short-run, economic growth, exports and imports stimulate emissions. In the long-run, economic growth and exports negatively impact emissions. Finally, the current study recommends vital policies that focus on energy-saving production in Turkey.
Eren Can Gürbüz (Wed,) studied this question.