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Epidemic model predicts virus spread in birds and humans, suggesting control methods to mitigate outbreaks.
West Nile virus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, posing a threat to the health of birds and humans. We propose an epidemic model incorporating higher-order temporal networks to capture key features of West Nile virus transmission. We analyze the conditions for the existence of the disease equilibrium point of the system and discuss the necessary conditions for the Turing instability of the system on natural coupling and different topological structures. Subsequently, the validity of the theory is verified by a series of numerical simulations. The results show that higher-order interactions can better explain the complex interactions of diseases among individuals. In addition, the model fitting based on actual data shows the correctness of the higher-order temporal model. Finally, based on the theoretical method of searching the key 2-simplex, the control process of West Nile virus is simulated, and the results show the effectiveness of the control method.
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Zhu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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