Social Inequality and Exclusion in Educational Attainment: Evidence from Micro Level Study in Karnataka

The level of educational achievement is a critical determinant of both individual and societal progress; however, it remains profoundly influenced by social inequality and exclusion. Exclusion in educational attainment refers to the unequal distribution of educational opportunities and outcomes across social groups. This study explores how factors such as caste and geographic location create disparities in access to educational opportunities and academic outcomes. Based on the primary data collected from the forward and backward regions of Karnataka, the study emphasizes how caste interacts to influence educational opportunities. The findings reveal persistent disparities in educational attainment among marginalized communities, particularly Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). By analyzing empirical evidence, the paper highlights the need for inclusive policies and interventions that address structural inequalities and promote equity in education