Research reveals irreducible representations of π1(Y) in SL(2,C) for specific homology structures, indicating geometric constraints.
We prove that if Y is a closed, oriented 3-manifold with first homology H₁(Y;Z) of order less than $5$, then there is an irreducible representation π₁(Y) → SL(2,C) unless Y is homeomorphic to S³, a lens space, or RP³ # RP³. By previous work it suffices to consider the case H₁(Y;Z) Z/4Z, which we accomplish using holonomy perturbation techniques in instanton Floer homology.
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Ghosh et al. (2025) studied this question.
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