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Analysis shows that T-depth can be lowered to 3 with a catalyst state, suggesting improved quantum circuits.
We show that the T-depth of any single-qubit z-rotation can be reduced to $3$ if a certain catalyst state is available. To achieve an $ε$-approximation, it suffices to have a catalyst state of size polynomial in log(1/ε). This implies that QNC⁰f/qpoly admits a finite universal gate set consisting of Clifford+T. In particular, there are catalytic constant T-depth circuits that approximate multi-qubit Toffoli, adder, and quantum Fourier transform arbitrarily well. We also show that the catalyst state can be prepared in time polynomial in log (1/ε).
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Isaac H. Kim (2025) studied this question.
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