The pH shift generated by mixing alkaline shellac (SH) and acidic chitosan (CS) solutions may drive the formation of nanocomposites with interfacial activity. However, how the solution addition sequence affects their formation and properties remains unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of addition order on the formation, physicochemical properties, and interfacial activity of SH-CS nanocomposites. The results showed that pH variation during mixing promoted nanocomposite formation, with optimal electrostatic interactions occurring at a final pH near 5.0. The most efficient assembly was achieved at an SH: CS mass ratio of 2:3. FTIR and dissociation experiments confirmed that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, and electrostatic interactions jointly governed the assembly process. Importantly, the addition sequence determined the nanocomposite structure: adding SH to CS produced core–shell structures, whereas the reverse order yielded co-assembled hybrid nanocomposites. These distinct structures directly impacted interfacial behavior. The co-assembled nanocomposites effectively balanced the inherent hydrophobicity of SH and hydrophilicity of CS, achieving moderate wettability. This balance significantly reduced interfacial tension, thereby enhancing emulsifying performance. Overall, this study underscores the critical role of addition sequence in tailoring the properties of pH-driven SH-CS nanocomposites and highlights their strong potential as high-performance Pickering emulsifiers.
Yuan et al. (2025) studied this question.