Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Thyroid Cancer: Oncogenesis, Progression, and Therapeutic Implications

Thyroid cancer, as a highly hormone-dependent malignancy, is significantly regulated by thyroid hormones (T3/T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) signaling in its initiation and progression. This article comprehensively reviews the roles of thyroid hormones and their regulatory factor TSH in thyroid carcinogenesis and development, addressing related research from molecular mechanisms and clinical correlations to therapeutic strategies. It focuses on elucidating the impact of key mechanisms—such as elevated integrin αvβ3 expression and TRβ receptor mutations under hyperthyroid or hypothyroid conditions—on tumor progression. Furthermore, it evaluates the clinical utility and potential risks of TSH suppression therapy in patients stratified by risk, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing individualized treatment strategies.