Integrated Performance of Sprinkler and Natural Smoke Ventilation Systems in Warehouses: A CFD-Based Evaluation Using PyroSim

This study examines the interdependent performance of fire detection systems, automatic sprinklers, and natural smoke ventilation in warehouse environments. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with PyroSim and FDS, four operational scenarios were analyzed to evaluate system activation sequences and suppression effectiveness. Results show that ceiling-only sprinklers may limit fire growth but fail to achieve extinguishment, while integrated in-rack sprinklers with coordinated venting provide full suppression and optimized thermal control. The findings underscore the importance of performance-based, integrated design strategies to enhance fire protection and minimize property losses.