Estimation of Rock Mass Deformability: Analysis of Classical and Modern Methods

The deformation modulus is a key parameter in the design of underground structures, but its accurate estimation is often challenging due to the heterogeneity of rock masses. This paper provides an overview of the most commonly used methods – from empirical correlations (RMR, GSI,Q) to modern models based on analytical approaches and artificial intelligence. By comparing methods proposed by various authors, their advantages and limitations are highlighted, along with factors influencing the reliability of estimation in engineering practice.