Bridging Innovation and Governance: A UTAUT-Based Mixed-Method Study of 3D Concrete Printing Technology Acceptance in South Africa

This study investigates the factors that influence the acceptance of 3D Concrete Print-ing technology in South Africa. The purpose is to provide evidence-based insights to guide regulators in developing clear standards and certification pathways for 3DCP in South Africa. In a mixed method research design, the study gathered data from pro-fessionals including architects, civil engineers, quantity surveyors, project managers, contractors, regulators, and local municipalities using a modified Universal Theory Acceptance and Use of Technology framework, adapted to the institutional and infra-structure contextual nuances of South Africa. The findings indicate significant variabil-ity in awareness, exposure, and openness to 3DCP across professions and regions. Regulatory actors express caution due to the absence of national standards but also recognize the potential alignment with sustainable construction goals. Major enablers of acceptance include access to demonstrable case studies, technical training, and poli-cy incentives. Barriers include a lack of local performance benchmarks, cost percep-tions, and uncertainty regarding compliance pathways. By incorporating institutional variables such as regulatory clarity and policy maturity, the study advances a theoret-ical understanding of construction technology diffusion in the Global South. The study offers a robust, context-specific model that can be adapted in similar economies seeking to balance innovation with regulatory oversight.