Bayer Process: Assessment of the Influence of the Geographical Location of Refineries In Brazil

Introduction: This article assesses the interface between geographic location and operational and environmental practices at three alumina refineries in Brazil: Alunorte, located in the state of Pará (PA), Alumar, in the state of Maranhão (MA), and Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio (CBA), located in the state of São Paulo (SP). Based on the premise that the Bayer Process poses common environmental challenges, the study analyzes how distinct geographic contexts (Amazon rainforest, coastal zone, and urban area) influence water management, logistics, waste disposal, and regulatory compliance. Using a qualitative and comparative methodology, based on public data and regulatory analysis, the study demonstrates that location imposes unique constraints, defining regulatory priorities and specific vulnerabilities. However, the results indicate that location is not the only determining factor. The adoption of impact mitigation technologies, such as dry stacking filter presses, digital transformation, and circular economy practices, are proving crucial for overcoming the challenges posed by the surrounding environment and achieving operational sustainability. It follows that the synergy between adaptation to the local context and continuous technological innovation is essential for the licensing and responsible operation of the alumina industry. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the interface between geographic location and operational and environmental practices in three alumina refineries in Brazil. Theoretical Framework: This section presents the main concepts and theories underlying the research. The Bayer process and waste generation stand out, providing a solid foundation for understanding the research context. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises qualitative and comparative research, based on data from the literature and available public data, with the approach structured to allow an analysis of how geographic location influences operational and environmental practices. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the synergy between adaptation to the local context and continuous technological innovation is essential for responsible operations. The discussion section contextualizes these results in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Potential discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of environmental and operational management in the alumina refining industry. These implications may include environmental licensing, the planning of new industrial facilities, the selection of mitigation technologies, and the formulation of sectoral regulatory policies. Originality/Value: O estudo demonstra que a localização geográfica determina os principais desafios ambientais das refinarias de alumina no Brasil. A adoção de tecnologias como filtro prensa e gestão digital é crucial para superar essas limitações locais. A pesquisa oferece um guia estratégico para o licenciamento e planejamento de novas unidades, mostrando como transformar restrições geográficas em oportunidades de inovação.